How To Serial Dilute
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SERIAL DILUTIONS – TUBE METHOD Principle Serial dilution is a common technique used in many immunologic procedures. A small amount of serum or solute can be serially diluted by transferring aliquots to diluent. One of the most common series doubles the dilution factor with each transfer (1:2, 1:4, 1:8.
Serial dilution is a simple yet efficient technique to determine the number of cells or organisms in a concentrated sample. First, take a portion of the sample and does serial dilution on it. Repeat the steps until the cells can be observed under the microscope when the diluted sample was observed.
Simply multiply the dilution factors for each step. Once again, here's an applet to practice finding the total dilution scheme, regardless of how the dilution scheme is expressed - as directions, as fractions, or as decimals. Remember, keep going until you're very comfortable with the calculations. Oh, and do yourself a favor, use a calculator!!
A serial dilution is a series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration. The easiest method is to make a series of 1 in 10 dilutions.

A serial dilution is a series of dilutions made sequentially, using the same dilution factor for each step. The concentration factor is the initial volume divided by the final solution volume; the dilution factor would be the inverse of the concentration factor. For example, if you take 1 part of a sample and add 9 parts of water (solvent.

There are many ways of expressing concentrations and dilution.

Using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

To make a fixed amount of a dilute solution from a stock solution, you can use the formula: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ where:

V₁ = Volume of stock solution needed to make the new solution
C₁ = Concentration of stock solution
V₂ = Final volume of new solution
C₂ = Final concentration of new solution
Example: Make 5 mL of a 0.25 M solution from a 1 M solution
Formula: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
Plug values in: (V₁)(1 M) = (5 mL)(0.25 M)
Rearrange: V₁ = [(5 mL)(0.25 M)] / (1 M)V₁ = 1.25 mL
Answer: Place 1.25 mL of the 1 M solution into V₁-V₂ = 5 mL – 1.25 mL = 3.75 mL of diluent

Using Dilution Factors

To make a dilute solution without calculating concentrations, you can rely on a derivation of the above formula:
(Final Volume / Solute Volume) = Dilution Factor (can also be used with mass)

Delphi ds150e keygen download windows 10. This way of expressing a dilution as a ratio of the parts of solute to the total number of parts is common in biology. The dilution factor (DF) can be used alone or as the denominator of the fraction, for example, a DF of 10 means a 1:10 dilution, or 1 part solute + 9 parts diluent, for a total of 10 parts. This is different than a “dilution ratio,” which typically refers to a ratio of the parts of solute to the parts of solvent, for example, a 1:9 using the previous example. Dilution factors are related to dilution ratios in that the DF equals the parts of solvent + 1 part.

Example: Make 300 μL of a 1:250 dilution
Formula: Final Volume / Solute Volume = DF
Plug values in: (300 μL) / Solute Volume = 250
Rearrange: Solute Volume = 300 μL / 250 = 1.2 μL
Answer: Place 1.2 μL of the stock solution into 300 μL – 1.2 μL = 298.8 μL diluent

Step Dilutions

If the dilution factor is larger than the final volume needed, or the amount of stock is too small to be pipetted, one or more intermediary dilutions may be required. Use the formula: Final DF = DF1 * DF2 * DF3 etc., to choose your step dilutions such that their product is the final dilution.

Example: Make only 300 μL of a 1:1000 dilution, assuming the smallest volume you can pipette is 2 μL
Choose step DFs: Need a total dilution factor of 1000. Let’s do a 1:10 followed by a 1:100 (10 * 100 = 1000)
Formula: Final Volume / Solute Volume = DF
Plug values in: (300 μL) / Solute Volume = 10
Rearrange: Solute Volume = 300 μL / 10 = 30 μL
Answer: Perform a 1:10 dilution that makes at least 30 μL (e.g. 4 μL solute into 36 μL diluent), then move 30 μL of the mixed 1:10 into 300 μL – 3 μL = 297 μL diluent to perform the 1:100 dilution

Serial Dilutions

A dilution series is a succession of step dilutions, each with the same dilution factor, where the diluted material of the previous step is used to make the subsequent dilution. This is how standard curves for ELISA can be made. To make a dilution series, use the following formulas:

Move Volume = Final Volume / (DF -1)
Diluent Volume = Final Volume – Move Volume
Total Mixing Volume = Diluent Volume + Move Volume
Example 1: Make a 7-point 1:3 standard curve, starting Neat, such that you can pipette duplicates of 50 μL per well
Calculations:
- Calculate the minimum diluent volume per step: 50 μL per well * 2 for duplicates = 100 μL minimum. Add extra volume to compensate for pipetting error, for example, 20 μL, which brings our desired Diluent Volume to 120 μL
- Calculate Move Volume: Move Volume = 120 μL / (3-1) = 60 μL
- Calculate Total Mixing Volume: Total Mixing Volume = 120 μL + 60 μL = 180 μL
Answer:
- Prepare the first point of the standard curve, which is 180 μL of Neat standard
- Prepare the diluent for the rest of the points, or six aliquots of 120 μL of diluent
- Move 60 μL of the first point into the second and mix thoroughly, move 60 μL of that into the next, and so on

Example 2: Make a 7-point 1:2 standard curve, starting at a 1:5, such that you can pipette duplicates of 50 μL per well
Calculations:
- Calculate minimum diluent volume per step: 50 μL per well * 2 for duplicates = 100 μL minimum. Add extra volume to compensate for pipetting error, for example, 20 μL, which brings our desired Diluent Volume to 120 μL
- Calculate Move Volume: Move Volume = 120 μL / (2-1) = 120 μL
- Calculate Total Mixing volume: Total Mixing Volume = 120 μL + 120 μL = 240 μL
- Calculate first point dilution volumes: you need 240 μL of a 1:5
Answer:
- Prepare the first point of the standard curve, which is a 1:5, so pipette (240 μL /5) = 48 μL solute into 192 μL diluent
- Prepare the diluent for the rest of the points, or six aliquots of 120 μL of diluent
- Move 120 μL of the first point into the second and mix thoroughly, move 60 μL of that into the next, and so on

How do you calculate serial dilutions?

1 Answer

You multiply the original concentration by the dilution factors for each dilution.

Explanation:

A serial dilution is any dilution in which the concentration decreases by the same factor in each successive step.

In serial dilutions, you multiply the dilution factors for each step.

The dilution factor or the dilution is the initial volume divided by the final volume.

#DF = V_i/V_f#

For example, if you add a 1 mL sample to 9 mL of diluent to get 10 mL of solution,

#DF = V_i/V_f# = #(1'mL')/(10'mL') = 1/10#. This is a 1:10 dilution. God of war 3 demo download pc.

Example 1

What is the dilution factor if you add 0.2 mL of a stock solution to 3.8 mL of diluent?

#V_f# = 0.2 mL + 3.8 mL = 4.0 mL

#DF = V_i/V_f# = #(0.2'mL')/(4.0'mL') = 1/20#. This is a 1:20 dilution.

Example 2

If you did the above dilution four times, what would be the final dilution factor?

Serial Dilution Steps